And the red wolves living today — fewer than 20 in North America — are all descended from only about a dozen individuals. One thing that’s been overshadowed by the dire wolf hubbub is Colossal’s work with endangered red wolves (Canis rufus). “The big question I’ve been getting is ‘Are they really dire wolves?
Taming the wild
Rice domestication revealed by reduced shattering of archaeological rice from the lower Yangtze valley. “We want to get people to embrace the ambiguity and to love the complexity.” Larson expects many revelations in the next year or two about when, where and how domestication happened. Even if the researchers find differences, he says, “we still need to find the genetic mechanisms that are causing the neural crest cells to act as they do.”
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For the first time, domestication researchers had a hypothesis about the link between tameness and physical traits that could really be put to the scientific test. Calmer domesticated animals might have neural crest cells that move or work differently than the cells in more fearful wild animals. Humans may have selected animals for tameness (left column), with those choices leading to unintended features seen in many domesticated species (right column). “The domesticated animals became extinct, and domestication started up again somewhere else.” Other researchers disagree, saying the animals were really wolves. Finally, domesticated animals and plants should bear the physical hallmarks of domestication syndrome, such as a smaller skull for animals, and a narrower footprint for plants.
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Pain in two parts
- Over many iterations of ChatGPT, plus users maintained more access to better models than the free tier provided, and access to additional features like voice mode.
- To this day, the only other insect that is domesticated is the honeybee.
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- But it can be tough to get a clear read of an animal’s genome from ancient DNA.
- GPT-5 was launched on August 7, 2025, and is publicly accessible through ChatGPT, Microsoft Copilot, and via OpenAI’s API.
In fact, teosinte looks so different from maize that scientists questioned the link, first proposed in the 1930s, until genetics could prove it more than half a century later. It would be hard to recognize today’s toothsome corncobs from the plant’s wild progenitor, a grass called teosinte. Changes in body size, reproduction and metabolism happened quickly, even though the researchers were only choosing birds for tameness. Behavioral geneticist Per Jensen of Linköping University in Sweden is in the middle of a domestication redo. Humans must artificially inseminate them, a sign of true domestication. In 2016, researchers found 1,500-year-old turkey eggs plus bones of both chicks and adult birds in the Oaxaca region of Mexico.
When the animals are in pain or distress, their nest-building abilities fall apart. Pain, too, is experienced by many animals. The animals sought out the pleasure of a good whiff of mouse bedding, as well as the distasteful smell of peppermint oil, and they tended to be both drowsy and restlessly aggressive. For example, a sizable body of evidence suggests that stressors from life in captivity can cause depression in animals. For group-living animals like sheep, for example, “to be isolated probably induces a form of terror that … humans can’t imagine,” Mason says.
- For group-living animals like sheep, for example, “to be isolated probably induces a form of terror that … humans can’t imagine,” Mason says.
- OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to further train and fine-tune its services.
- On August 19, 2025, OpenAI launched ChatGPT Go in India, a low-cost subscription plan priced at ₹399 per month, offering ten times higher message, image generation, and file-upload limits, double the memory span compared to the free version, and support for UPI payments.
- Pain, too, is experienced by many animals.
- However, the task doesn’t demonstrate something more basic — whether an animal can have subjective experiences to begin with.
- Relieving the animals’ boredom with extra playtime turned their interests away from the negative, Burn and her colleagues reported in February 2020 in Animal Welfare.
- That means they lack genetic diversity, which is a problem for wild populations, says Matt James, Colossal’s chief animal officer.
Through the Pegasus project, begun in 2015, Orlando and colleagues have collected ancient DNA from horse fossils from a wide variety of time periods and cultures. Aurochs — massive cattle that eventually gave rise to domesticated cows — went extinct when the last one died in 1627 in Poland’s Jaktorów Forest. There are no wild cattle, for instance. Sometimes that’s impossible to do. But the genetic evidence indicates that it got its domestication genes from China’s japonica. Nivara to produce domesticated aus about 4,000 years ago, Fuller, Purugganan and colleagues reported in January in Molecular Biology and Evolution.
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Many domestication stories have vague beginnings, but we know exactly when the Syrian golden hamster, now a popular pet, first came under human control. The process probably starts slowly, first with animal herding and other forms of husbandry, such as controlling an animal’s food supply and movement, culling at specific ages and directing breeding. Domestication is a gray area encompassing the point at which a hunter stops being interested in simply killing and eating an animal and starts being interested in controlling the animal, Outram says.
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Some were domesticated more than once in different locations. Certainly, cats are more like their wild ancestors than dogs are, says Grange. Cats’ famed aloofness may be another clue that their domestication isn’t fully complete.
